--- title: Analysis and directory of Māori ICT Groups- Contents description: Contents of an analysis and directory of 24 the Māori ICT organisations and their individual leaders providing for the first time a documented solution. url: https://www.taiuru.co.nz/contents-2/ markdown_url: https://www.taiuru.co.nz/contents-2.md type: post slug: contents-2 author: Karaitiana Taiuru published: 2016-11-07T06:41:17Z modified: 2024-12-25T22:10:07Z language: en-NZ taxonomies: category: - Māori Online word_count: 8778 tokens: 15399 --- # Analysis and directory of Māori ICT Groups- Contents An analysis and directory of Māori ICT groups and individuals designed for easy authorative reference to the myriad of Māori ICT organisations that are often created specifically for one purpose. Contents hide 1 Introduction 2 Timeline of Māori Tech Organisations being created 3 Aotearoa Māori Internet Organisaiton AMIO 4 Key people 5 Broadband Advocates for Māori 6 Key People 7 Digital Māori Forum DMF 8 Key People 9 Hautaki Limited 10 Key Poeple 11 Māori ICT Development Fund Expert Advisory Group 12 Key people 13 Iwi Chairs Forum – Data Group 14 Māori ICT Network Group 15 Key People 16 Māori Spectrum Coalition Group 17 Internet Society of Aoteaora 18 Key People 19 New Zealand Māori Internet Society 20 Key People 21 Nga Pu Waea 22 Key People 23 Planet Māori 24 Key People 25 Ratana ICT Hub / Marton ICT Hub 26 Key People 27 Society of Professional Māori Women in Information Technology – Te Waka Wahine Wā Hangarau 28 Key People 29 Te Huarahi Tika Trust 30 Key people 31 Taitokerau Fibre Networks Ltd 32 Key People 33 Te Huarahi Tika Trust and Hautaki Electoral College 34 Te Mana Raraunga/Māori Data Sovereignty 35 Key People 36 Te Rōpū Whakahau 37 Key People 38 The New Zealand Māori Internet Society – Te Whanau Ipurangi 39 History 40 Key People 41 Torotoro Waea Partnership 42 Key People 43 National Association of Māori Mathematicians Scientists and Technologists – NAMMSAT 44 Key People 45 Te Kahui Manu Hokai – Māori GIS Association 46 Key People 47 WAI 2224 Claimants 48 Key People 49 WAI 776 Claimants 50 Key People: Introduction The Māori ICT organisations landscape is diverse and un documented which creates confusion or misunderstandings by governments and lobby groups as to what Māori ICT groups exist, thus resulting in Internet/ICT consultations not being held with relevant Māori groups or misconceptions from non Māori perspectives being the norm. The end result for Māori is economic, social and consultation opportunities with the Internet in Aotearoa/New Zealand sometimes being ignored by decision makers. This analysis and directory produces a reference for governments and lobby groups to identify relevant Māori ICT groups so that Māori can be better involved, fairly and more widely consulted and to provide more benefits to Māori ICT stakeholders who currently miss out on consultations and opportunities. It will also allow interested individuals to identify online professional groups they may want to participate in and provides a snap shot of the past Māori ICT organisations. This report also briefly discuss other ICT and government advisory groups who have Māori representatives and whose clientele are predominantly Māori. It does not not cover Māori owned ICT businesses, education facilities with Māori ICT groups nor the Māori broadcasting arena and Māori departments who have Māori ICT staff. In the first instance, public records such as companies office, web sites, media and personal communications were used. Then informal meetings with representatives were conducted and offered. This publication remains a living document and that will be updated when appropriate facts can be verified. Another issue within the Māori ICT organisation industry is that the same person may associate with many organisations creating a false impression that one person is the authority of all things Māori ICT related, or perhaps that an individual has too much mana. Because of this, on each organisation page is a list of key people who were/are members of that organisation and then another separate page that lists individuals with their associated organisations which allows a quick reference look up based in either an individual or organisation. This provides proof that representation is fairly distributed in most areas. There are also a number of influential Māori individuals who have made significant contributions to the Māori ICT industry. This section is a work in progress due to the difficulty of identifying appropriate individuals. InternetNZ Funding has made this research possible. Timeline of Māori Tech Organisations being created   Date formed Organisation Name Status 1992 Te Rōpū Whakahau Active 1994 National Association of Māori Mathematicians, Scientists And Technologists Non-Active 1997 The New Zealand Māori Internet Society – Te Whanau Ipurangi Non-active 1999 WAI 776 Claimants Non-active 2000 Hautaki Limited Active 2000 Te Huarahi Tika Trust Active 2000 Te Huarahi Tika Trust and Hautaki Electoral College Active 2003 Aotearoa Māori Internet Organisaiton AMIO Non-active 2003 Society of Professional Māori Women in Information Technology – Te Waka Wahine Wā Hangarau Non-active 2005 New Zealand Māori Internet Society Non-active 2009 Te Kahui Manu Hokai – Māori GIS Association Active 2009 WAI 224 Claimants  Non-active 2010 Ratana ICT Hub / Marton ICT Hub Active 2010 Torotoro Waea Partnership Non-active 2011 Ngā Pū Waea Non-active 2011 Broadband Advocates for Māori Non-active 2012 Māori Spectrum Coalition Group Non-active 2012 Taitokerau Networks Ltd Non-active 2013 Digital Māori Forum DMF Active 2013 Planet Māori Active 2015 Māori ICT fund Active 2015 Māori ICT Network Group Active 2015 Te Mana Raraunga/Māori Data Sovereignty Active 2016 Iwi Chairs Forum – Data Group Active Aotearoa Māori Internet Organisaiton AMIO Aotearoa Māori Internet Organisation Also Known As: AMIO Entity Type: Online Affiliations: New Zealand Maori Internet Society, The New Zealand Maori Internet Society. Industry Sector: Internet Web site: http://www.amio.org.nz Date Established: 2003 Date disestablished: 2009 Membership Model: Online bulletin board membership AMIO was created by several former executive members and kaumatua of The New Zealand Maori Internet Society: Ross Himona, Karaitiana Taiuru, Te Rangilaiwhiria Kemra, Teanau Tuiono and Bernadette Murray. Their purpose was to fill the gap of what they believed to be a lack of Maori representation in the Internet and ICT arena. This occured at a time of political unrest within the Maori Internet community and their representatives. AMIO was an online bulletin board web site that had a number of groups catering to the wide and ever expanding ICT landscape. Tutorials and support networks were developed on this site. AMIO believed there was an urgent need for Maori to begin defining what the Internet is to Maori, how are and will Maori be affected, and Maori culture and identity impacted by this. To foresee and predict its long term impact on Maori society and identity. That the migration and increased participation of Maori onto the internet and world wide web need not be limited to being mere participants only in the current structure and facilities available. Rather, it believed that the internet and World Wide Web can be fashioned and shaped to better encapsulate our culture and discourses. AMIO recognised that Maori have a long history of resistance to the commodification of their culture and knowledge and recognised that current intellectual property laws are completely inadequate at protecting Maori culture from commercial exploitation. AMIO believed that modes of communication and dissemination of information are inadequate to encompass and promote future dynamic growth of Maori culture, values and discourse, online.It also recognised that the majority of Maori are participators only in the internet and that in order for the internet and World Wide Web to become more supportive of Maori culture and identity, then there is a dire need for Maori internet developers who can become authors and creators of web functions and web structures more conducive to Maori modus operandi. AMIO believed Maori had to move on from just web design and email list management to web programming, application development, communications enhancements to better suit Maori styles and values of communications. Some achievements of AMIO included: Made the only submission on behalf of Maori re the 2ld survey to protect .iwi.nz and .maori.nz Sent a representative to a community conference to speak about Maori IP rights and at least one delegate to the “World Summit on the Information Society “Global Forum of Indigenous People and the Information Society” in Geneva Sent a delegate to the Communities Online conference in Wellington to discuss “Lessons learnt on the Internet for Maori organisations and IP rights. Approached for a second time a cyber squatter who has taken many Iwi and other sensitive Maori names Objectives of the Aotearoa Maori Internet Organisation included: to promote and define a strong Maori presence and entity on the internet. The Aotearoa Maori Internet Organisation (AMIO) will participate and seek relationships with many national and International IT bodies and actively participate in: (a) Government submission processes on legislation (b) Represent Maori on government consultation processes (c) International discussions and forums that can/do impact Maori. (d) National submissions, surveys that concern the .nz Internet space to work directly with Maori Internet community including individuals, Iwi and Hapü and will support any non Maori organisation that wishes to advance Maori in Information Technology. to promote internet service creators vs/over services users and participants.   Key people Ross Himona (Kaumatua) Te Rangikaiwhiria Kemara Karaitiana Taiuru Bernadette Murrary Teanau Tuiono Broadband Advocates for Māori Name: Broadband Advocates for Māori Also Known As: BAM Entity Type: Online Industry Sector: ICT Web site: http://maoribroadband.weebly.com/index.html Date Established: 2011 Date disestablished: 2011 Contents A website that was set up to provide Māori with the opportunity to consider what the RBI offers Māori, to voice their opinions and to make sure Māori can hold accountable both Government and those making the bids on their commitments post decision. It appears as though this initiative did not make any progress or significant achievements and that nothing apart from the web site was created.   Key People Graeme Everton Digital Māori Forum DMF Name: Digital Maori Forum Also Known As: DMF Entity Type: Incorporated Society Affiliations: Rtana ICT Hub Industry Sector: ICT Web site: Date Established: 2010 (informal)-2013 (legal entity) Membership Model: Paid membership Contents In 2008 a small group of Maori ICT practitioners and business owners got together to discuss Maori participation in ICT. In those discussions it was identified that there was no organisations to encourage and support Maori in or into the ICT industry. In 2009 the group re convened and planned a national hui to gather Maori industry players to find solutions to the issues that were keeping Maori out of the industry and away from the ICT economic opportunities. In 2010 this hui occurred and from that hui, the group called itself the Digital Maori Forum with an aim to become a Maori ICT industry group that would be developing a strategy for the future that included supporting Maori in or into the ICT industry. A strategic planning hui was held in October 2011 and a draft strategy was created to become a legal entity was discussed. In 2013 the group became an incorporated society. The group lobbies government and industry groups for more Maori representation and Treaty obligations while it has a commercial interests in ICT projects. Key People Arahi Hagger Col Heke Llanasa Peachey Puawai Hagger Rei Sciascia Renee Sciascia Potaua Biasiny-Tule Quinn Nahi       Hautaki Limited Name: Hautaki Limited Also Known As: Entity Type: Limited company Affiliations: Te Huarahi Tika Trust, Hautaki Trust, 2Degrees Mobile, Tūaropaki Incorporation, Wairarapa Moana Trust/Wairarapa Moana Incorporation Industry Sector: Telecommunications Web site: http://www.thtt.co.nz Date Established: June 2000 Membership Model: Elected Board of Directors from Te Huarahi Tika and Māori community. Contents Hautaki is the commercial arm of Te Huarahi Tika Trust. Hautaki engages in activities necessary to ensure 3G spectrum maximises opportunities for Maori in line with the objectives of the Hautaki Trust. The charitable trust, Te Huarahi Tika Trust, formed a commercial entity known as Hautaki Trust. This trust is governed by Hautaki Limited, a company established to be the Trustee of Hautaki Trust. Te Huarahi Tika Trust is the sole shareholder of Hautaki Limited. Te Huarahi Tika Trust is also the beneficiary of the Hautaki Trust and appoints its Trustee. The Hautaki Trust initially took a 30% shareholding in Econet Wireless (NZ) Ltd and over the next eight years worked with global interests to secure partners to fund the $150M – $300M needed to establish the service. The Trust’s representatives were also heavily involved in lobbying the government to change the regulatory environment to allow the introduction of New Zealand’s third mobile service. Through a capital raising programme from 2005-2009, Māori shareholding (available in $1m minimum parcels) increased to 19.5% of the company. The other major new Māori shareholders are the Tūaropaki Incorporation and the Wairarapa Moana Trust/Wairarapa Moana Incorporation. NZ Communications Ltd, previously EconetNZ, announced it would launch its cell phone venture commercially in August 2009 along with its new more commercial company name – ‘Two Degrees Mobile Ltd’. In mid-July 2009, in another significant change of stake holding, Econet Wireless (the original South African /Zimbabwean partner of eight years) announced it had sold its shareholding to Trilogy International Partners LLC, an American company already holding 27% of shares in Two Degrees. By way of the sale Trilogy took a further 25% shareholding in Two Degrees Mobile Ltd to take its shareholding to 52%. The price for the purchase was not disclosed.   Between 2010-2012 Two Degrees engaged in a significant capital raising effort ($200M) through the issuing of new shares. Hautaki agreed to an arrangement that would allow it to borrow from Trilogy in order to maintain the Māori ownership percentage. This arrangement contributed significantly to the growth of the network; another consequence was the development of a $14M obligation to Trilogy. In late 2014, Hautaki retired that debt in full through a transfer of share ownership to Trilogy.   Key Poeple Antony Royal Bill Osborne Brian Leighs Daphne Tania Luke Derek Wooster George Haig Reedy Karaitiana Taiuru Mavis Mullins Nachelle Griffiths Neville Baker Paul Majurey Steve Murray Taaringaroa Nicholas Toa Greening Māori ICT Development Fund Expert Advisory Group Name: Māori ICT Development Fund Expert Advisory Group Also Known As: Maori ICT fund, The Digital Maori Fund, Māori Digital Technology Development Fund, Ka Hao. Entity Type: Government appointed body Affiliations: Te Puni Kokiri Industry Sector: Government Web site: Date Established: 2015 Membership Model: Cabinet appointment Contents In 2015, eight appointments were made to the Expert Advisory Group after Te Puni Kokiri asked for suitable nominations and seeking input from Maori industry experts as to what the fund should be used for. The apointments are: Antony Royal, George Reedy, Vanessa Clark, Ian Taylor, Warren Williams. Included in the group are ex-oficio members from – Te Puni Kōkiri, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment and Callaghan Innovation. The advisory group provides advice about how the Fund will work; and will make recommendations to the Ministers about how the Fund should be spent. Feedback was gained from several nationwide hui that discussed potential funding priorities for the Māori ICT Development Fund.   Funding priorities Funding priority 1 – Improving digital skills and pathways for Māori into digital technologies. This priority will grow the number of Māori in high-value jobs by improving and promoting pathways for Māori to enter the digital technologies sector, and by supporting the development of skills necessary to participate in sectors deploying digital technologies. Funding priority 2 – Growing digital technologies businesses. This priority will grow the number of high-value jobs by supporting the development of Māori in digital technology businesses. Funding priority 3 – Enhancing new Māori language and culture initiatives through digital technologies. This priority will support the development of new Māori language and culture initiatives through digital technologies, and in doing so, contribute to the development of skills necessary to participate in sectors deploying digital technologies and grow the number of Māori in high-value jobs. Key people 2015 appointments. Antony Royal George Reedy Ian Taylor Vanessa Clark Warren Williams Ex officio. Di Grennell – Te Puni Kōkiri Georgina Whata – Callaghan Innovation Paul Alexander – Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Iwi Chairs Forum – Data Group Name: Iwi Chairs Forum – Data Group Entity Type: Sub group of a group Industry Sector: Iwi Web site: http://www.iwichairs.maori.nz Contents This is a private group that is looking at Data Sovereignty issues. Māori ICT Network Group Name: Māori ICT Network Group Entity Type: Facebook group Affiliations: Industry Sector: ICT Web site: https://www.facebook.com/groups/MaoriGeeks/ Date Established: 2015 Membership Model: Membership by approval with several group admins Contents An networking Facebook group for Māori in ICT or with an interest in ICT. The group consists of numerous individuals who primarily post notifications in addition to and some discussion topics. There are no written rules of participation and could be likened to a marae where debate and discussions are held. The group serves a previous void where Māori ICT professionals and others with an interest could share ideas and information in a neutral environment. Key People Karaitiana Taiuru Nikolasa Biasiny-Tule Ngahuia Tahau Potaua Biasiny-Tule Quinn Oliver Nahi William Titii Asiata Māori Spectrum Coalition Group Name: Māori Spectrum Coalition Group Entity Type: Co operative group Affiliations: Te Pūtahi Paoho, Hautaki Limited, Te Huarahi Tika Trust, WAI2224 claimant group, Ngā Kaiwhakapūmau i te Reo, The 
New
 Zealand 
Maori 
Council, Graeme Everton for WAI776 claim. Industry Sector: Telecommunications Date Established: 2013 Date disestablished:unknown. A collaborative group with the primary aim to lobby government for recognition that spectrum is a taonga and when appropriate to file a case with the Waitangi Tribunal for Māori rights and access to 4G spectrum. Internet Society of Aoteaora Name: Internet Society of Aoteaora Also Known As: ISOC Aotearoa Entity Type: Proposed ISOC Chapter that only remained in formation Affiliations: InternetNZ, The New Zealand Maori Internet Society Industry Sector: Internet Web site: Date Established: 2000 Date Established: 2000 Membership Model: Community The group was formed in 2000 soon after ISOC New Zealand the organisation now called InternetNZ was renaming itself to avoid confusion that it was an Internet Society Chapter. Several members of InternetNZ and The Maori Internet Society created an informal email group to look at forming a chapter. One of the goodwill offers was the the expertise from the InternetNZ members would assist with writing the .maori.nz proposal as many of them were involved with the creation of the policy and some were current or former council members at the time. The ISOC submission was never completed and the group did nothing significant. Key People Jenny Shearer Hone Philips Karaitiana Taiuru Ross Himona Te Rangikaiwhiria Kemara New Zealand Māori Internet Society   Name: New Zealand Maori Internet Society Also Known As: NZMIS Entity Type: Incorporated Society Affiliations: Aotearoa Maori Internet Society Industry Sector: Internet Web site: Date Established: 2006 Date disestablished: 2008 Membership Model: online membership registration. Free to anyone. Contents Created by the same members of Aoteaora Maori Internet Society at a time it was perceived that The New Zealand Maori Internet Society had ceased to function and had let their Incorporated status expire. The registration failed to use “The” in the name so created confusion in the industry. This organisaiton assumed the online identity of The New Zealand Maori Internet Society and for the 2 years carried on operations as The New Zealand Maori Internet Society till it legally assumed the identity of The New Zealand Maori Internet Society.   Key People Bernadette Murray Karaitiana Taiuru Ross Himona Teanau Tuiono Te Rangikaiwhiria Kemara Nga Pu Waea Name: Ngā Pū Waea Also Known As: Maori RBI Working Group Entity Type: Government Advisory Group Affiliations: Maori Party, National Party Industry Sector: Broadband Web site: https://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/whakamahia/nga-pu-waea/ Date Established: 2011 Date disestablished: 2015 Membership Model: Appointment by Minister of Maori Affairs Contents On May 03 2011 the then ministers of Maori Affairs (Hon Dr Pita R Sharples) and the then Minister of Information Technology (Hon Steven Joyce) agreed to the creation of a national Maori RBI working group to be called Nga Pu Waea. A maximum of 7 members were selected by the previous Minister of Maori Affairs the Hon Dr Pita R Sharples. Skills of the group reflected key skills such as experience in Maori language and Culture, Information Technology, understanding of Maori society, commercial governance and relationship building. Their mandate was expanded to include the governments Ultra Fast Broadband Initiative (UFB) and to work with Crown Fibre Holdings and its partners to facilitate Maori development opportunities associated with UFB. Their overall focus was to enhance communications, social, health and economic opportunities with rural marae and hapu via the use of UFB and broadband technology. To work with stakeholders, to liase with and provide , communities, Maori groups and to provide advice to the Ministers. Achievements Creation of an internal mapping tool showing RBI and UFB coverage data, Maori immersion schools, marae and Maori population. A report on the feasibility and design study on improving connectivity in Ohakune, Raetihi. Template/principal approach for improving remote communications. Legal analysis of RBI contracts Situation analysis and economic report to assist in identifying investment opportunities Six case studies on real impacts and benefits gained from access to broadband and Ultra Fast broadband. Discussion paper “Wired Marae Project”. The group received a lot of criticism from the Māori ICT community and some in the telco industry for their clandestine nature, selection of marae in need of broadband, lack of partnetships and secretive appointment process which had many in the industry claiming nepotism. Some Māori on rural marae that required broadband access were also unhappy they were ignored. The group had a Facebook page that had a private membership and no web site until recently when Te Puni Kōkiri created the pages for the group. The resignations of Daphne Luke and Mavis Mullens who could no longer support the government of the day ignoring Māori rights to spectrum made a signifiant impact on the Māori ICT community. Key People Antony Royal Daphne Luke  Haami Piripi Hinurewa Te Hau Jeremy Gardiner Mavis Mullins Rhonda Kite Richard Orzecki Robyn Kamira Planet Māori Name: Planet Maori Also Known As: Entity Type: Trust Affiliations: Sector wide Industry Sector: ICT, Telecominications Web site: Date Established: 2013 Membership Model: Private Contents Strategy 1. Provide Strategic Leadership 2. Articulate Matakite / Vision and Values 3. Articulate the contribution to Māori and NZ society 4. Defend & extend the reputation of the Sector & Organisation 5. Consolidate communications / Share Sector & Organisation resources Goals to be reached by 2020 are: Sustainable economic wealth and improved economic wellbeing. Billion dollar contribution to NZ GDP To grow a sustainable and generative asset base for the Sector Billion in Value Assets Data and Technology Centres Opportunities and Indicators for Maorifor Science, Innovation, and Technology Funding and Resourcing To build a strong and sustainable Sector with 20,000 Māori Working in the Sector adn 200 Māori Businesses supported within the Sector with Telco / Tier 1 Products, 1000s Products and Services Māori Technology and Innovation Sector recognised as Global Leader Significant economic growth of Sector / Organisation Improved economic wellbeing for Māori (whānau, hapu, iwi, organisations) Benefits for New Zealand economy and communities Sector Strategy / Organisational Support Achieve a global brand / international reach and scale Increase the Māori economy Improve Māori economic wellbeing / Ensure benefits are tangible Improve educational, social, cultural and environmental outcomes for Māori Provide Strategic Intelligence from Local to Global Build evaluative and learning culture to ensure success Co-develop meaningful measures (process and outcomes) Build excellent systems and support structures Tactical Opportunities The group was perhaps the first and only independent Maori ICT group to date that managed to seek representatives from across the Maori ICT landscape to become involved and to work in co-operation together. The wide co-operation was to be short lived with some individual representatives no longer wanting to be a part of the organisation and preferring to concentrate on their own organisations.   Key People Karaitiana Taiuru Tania Wolfgramm Te Aroha Morehu Quinn Nahi Warren Williams Wikuki Kingi Ratana ICT Hub / Marton ICT Hub Name: Marton ICT Hub Also Known As: Marton and Surrounds ICT Hub Charitable Trust Board Entity Type: Trust Affiliations: Marton ICT Hub, 2020 Communications Trust Industry Sector: ICT Web site: http://www.icthub.org.nz/ Date Established: 2010 Membership Model: Contents The Marton ICT Hub is the primary group with a subsidiary hub called the Ratana ICT Hub. Their collective aims are to to address ‘digital disadvantage’ by providing affordable and accessible services for adults and students without access to a computer or broadband internet at home, people who what to buy or do not have the skills to use their computer or the internet. Their target audience are people who are rural and isolated, young, older, low income, Maori or Pacifica. The Ratana Hub is located in the old Post Office next to the Marae in Ratana. In its role as a community computer hub, the Ratana Hub is storing, preserving and disseminating information through: Local radio station—Radio Morehu 88FM Recording Studio Graphic Designs Software Green Room > video and still cameras Smart TV Community movie theatre Archival digital content (1918-1940) The Ratana ICT Hub are closely aligned with the Digital Māori Forum and often work in colaboration for public lobying and hui. Key People Arahi Hager Puawai Hager Society of Professional Māori Women in Information Technology – Te Waka Wahine Wā Hangarau Name: Te Waka Wahine Wa-Hangarau Also Known As: TWWWH Industry Sector: ICT Web site: Date Established: 2003 Date closed: 2008 Contents Te Waka Wahine Wa-Hangarau (TWWW) the Society for professional Maori women in information technology, was established in 2001. TWWW endeavored to provide an environment where wahine Maori can interface effectively to provide support both culturally and as IT professionals. Wahine Maori are less likely to enter information technology fields than other groups in Aotearoa say TWWW members. This is a critical issue as we seek to improve conditions for our whanau, our people and ourselves. This is encompassed by the vision of Te Waka Wahine Wa-Hangarau. The central kaupapa of TWWW is to create an environment where wahine Maori can affect their potential as professionals in information technology. Information technology fields supported by TWWW include information systems analysis and design, implementation and programming, IT networks, IT projects management, information systems administration, IT development, broadcasting, the IT multimedia industry and more. TWWW from time to time has offered support to whanau, hapu, iwi or other groups with their IT projects. At the national level, the group has offered its views and advice on government information technology projects and strategies. Some members have worked as consultants in IT projects while others are academics, sharing their knowledge with upcoming IT students. Internationally, TWWW members have been involved in Indigenous Peoples activities. TWWW’s objectives: To empower wahine Maori to act professionally and effectively within their roles as IT professionals. To promote, protect and support the development of matauranga Maori, tikanga Maori and kaupapa Maori. To proactively participate in organisations governing IT decisions regarding Maori information. To encourage Maori professional development in IT. To develop effective external relationships with Maori organisations and groups with an interest in IT. To expand into the International arena of IT for indigenous peoples. To develop and promote te reo me ona tikanga models when developing information systems. To consult with iwi in an attempt to meet iwi needs in terms of IT. To support, promote and facilitate resource development in the area of IT. To develop and encourage the support of the IT industry for Maori.  To provide support for Maori women currently working in the field of IT. To participate in research that is going to benefit Maori in IT  To develop and participate in liaison with similar IT bodies nationally and internationally. To promote and support any member establishing and carrying out mentoring roles.  To identify other potential Maori IT groups. TWWW’s general objectives: To ensure the safety of whanau is paramount. To promote and encourage Maori cultural integrity. To identify other potential Maori women in IT. To promote privacy and other ethical issues for members and Maori information. To establish and maintain a database of members. To organise conferences for members as a forum for the discussion of current strategies and the development of further strategies. To promote and support members when applying for funding. To encourage all members to communicate any issues, problems, concerns about whanau, work, studies, and so on. Key People Janette Hamilton-Pearce Robyn Kamira   Te Huarahi Tika Trust Name: Te Huarahi Tika Trust Also Known As: THTT Entity Type: Trust Affiliations: Hautaki Limited, Hautaki Trust, 2Degrees Mobile, Tūaropaki Incorporation, Wairarapa Moana Trust/Wairarapa Moana Incorporation Industry Sector: Telecommunications Web site: http://www.thtt.co.nz  Date Established: 2000 Membership Model: Elected by an electoral college Contents Te Huarahi Tika Trust administers an award of a part interest in radio spectrum (in particular 3Ghz cellphone frequencies to Maori). While rejecting the Waitangi Tribunal’s 1999 finding that the radio frequency spectrum is a taonga, the Crown gave Māori a limited paper right to ‘choose its development partner’ and a parcel of cash ($5m). This cash was to be used to enter into a commercial relationship with a partner to develop the spectrum right and create a new Trust structure– Te Huarahi Tika Trust (Charitable Trust), its commercial arms and Electoral College are the fruits of those arrangements. Vision and Values The vision for Te Huarahi Tika Trust is to maximise our contribution to the survival of Māori as a people through telecommunications and ICT activities. Te Huarahi Tika has adopted ten kaupapa tuku iho that guide all planning and decision making. Objects Te Huarahi Tika established Hautaki Limited, the trustee of the Te Huarahi Tika Trust’s commercial arm, Hautaki Trust. The commercial objectives of the Hautaki Trust are to meet and fund the purposes of the Te Huarahi Tika Trust. The trust seeks to increase the participation of Māori in the knowledge economy, in particular, the information and telecommunications sectors in New Zealand. The trust deed identifies a range of tikanga to assist in this objective including: promotion of education and training programmes that support Māori particularly in the fields of information and telecommunications technology; funding skills development in the information, telecommunications and technology sectors fostering and promoting research and development into information and telecommunications technology establishing scholarships and making grants to Māori communities to give access telecommunications technology, particularly where those communities may be remote or economically disadvantaged promoting and facilitating access to business mentors, conferences, presentations and other learning experiences.   Key people Antony Royal Bill Osborne Brian Leighs Daphen Luke Derek Wooster Dr Mereana Selby Eric Hertz Gabrielle Huria George Reedy Haydn Edmonds Hemi Toia Jacqui Te Kani Karaitiana Taiuru Mavis Mullens Neville Baker Paul Majurey Riria (Missy) Te Kanawa Rob Macleod Sir Archie Taiaroa Sir Graham Lattimer Sir Paul Reeves Sir Wira Gardiner Steve Murray Strive Masiyiwa Tainui Stephens Tex Edwards Tina Wehipeihana Wilson Toa Greening Taitokerau Fibre Networks Ltd Name: Taitokerau Networks Limited Partnership Also Known As: Entity Type: Iwi owned company Affiliations: Te Rūnanga o Whaingaroa, Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whātua and Te Rūnanga o Te Rarawa , Datalight Limited Industry Sector: Telecommunications Date Established: 2011 Date Disestablished: 2016 Membership Model: Commercial partnerships Contents An Iwi based commercial project in partnership Datalight Ltd, Axin Ltd and Chinese State-owned China Telecom. The goal was to lay a $8.5 million, 200km fibre optic cable between Auckland and Whangarei to achieve tribal commitments to economic, social and environmental development and as an investment to achieve returns for the iwi and its investors. The project was the first Iwi owned long-haul network in the country. Further cable was laid connecting the Bay of Islands, Kaeo, Kaitaia, Hokianga, Dargaville, Awanui and Waitiki Landing, and an eastern route returning from Whangarei to Auckland to form a total network running more than 700km. Key People Haami Piripi For others refer to companies office. Te Huarahi Tika Trust and Hautaki Electoral College Name: Te Huarahi Tika Trust and Hautaki Electoral College Entity Type: Governance Affiliations: Māori Congress; NZ Māori Council; Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust; Te Tauihu o Ngā Wānanga; Te Rūnanga o Ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori, NZ Māori Women’s Welfare League, Te Tauihu o Ngā Wānanga Industry Sector: Telecomunications Web site: http://www.thtt.co.nz Date Established: 2000 Contents The Electoral College was created by virtue of the Te Huarahi Tika Trust Deed. Its task is to appoint Trustees to Te Huarahi Tika Trust, between seven and fourteen in number, in accordance with the terms of the Trust Deed. It takes advice from the Chairperson of Te Huarahi Tika Trust and their lawyers; but also sees itself as an independent supervisory body of national Māori organisations, which must respect the rights of all Māori in this block of electronic spectrum, and the claimants, and act as kaitiaki of their rights to development. The College attends occasional joint hui with the trustees of Te Huarahi Tika Trust, for example their AGM, and has briefed the claimant groups fully on developments. Members of the Electoral College are the New Zealand Māori Congress; NZ Māori Council; Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust; Te Tauihu o Ngā Wānanga; Te Rūnanga o Ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori, and the NZ Māori Women’s Welfare League. Te Mana Raraunga/Māori Data Sovereignty Name: Te Mana Raraunga Also Known As: Maori Data Sovereignty Network Industry Sector: Academic, Data Web site: http://www.tmr.maori.nz/ Date Established: 2015 Membership Model: Open membership Contents A group who is concerned with Indigenous (in particular Maori) Data and the inherent rights that Māori have by virtue of thier inalienable relationships with the land, water and the natural world. The group beleives that data needs and advocacy challenges concerning the measurement of social, cultural, economic and environmental outcomes for iwi and Māori. Maori Data includes but is not limited to: Data from organisations and businesses Data about Māori that is used to describe or compare Māori collectives Data about Te Ao Māori that emerges from research Māori data is subject to the rights articulated in the Treaty of Waitangi and the UN’s Declaration on the rights of Indigenous Peoples, to which Aotearoa New Zealand is a signatory. Data Sovereignty typically refers to the understanding that data is subject to the laws of the nation within which it is stored.Indigenous Data Sovereignty perceives data as subject to the laws of the nation from which it is collected. Māori Data Sovereignty recognises that Māori data should be subject to Māori governance. Māori Data Sovereignty supports tribal sovereignty and the realisation of Maori and Iwi aspirations.   Key People Andrew Sporle David Jansen James Hudson Kirikowhai Mikaere Maui Hudson Tahu Kukutai Te Rōpū Whakahau Name: Te Rōpū Whakahau Also Known As: Entity Type: Not For Profit unregistered organisation. Affiliations: LIANZA, National Library of New Zealand, National Library of New Zealand, Association of Public Library Managers, International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions , The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, Te Wānanga o Raukawa Industry Sector: Culture, knowledge, information, communication and systems technology Web site: https://www.trw.org.nz Date Established: 1992 Membership Model: Paid membership. Open to to any person, group or institution with an interest in ngā taonga i tuku iho, culture, knowledge, information, communication and systems technology work. Contents Te Rōpū Whakahau is the leading national body that represents Māori engaged in Culture, Knowledge, Information, Communication and Systems Technology in Aotearoa New Zealand. It is a Māori association guided by the whakatauki “waiho i te toipoto, kaua i te toiroa” and is founded on four core values: Whanaungatanga, Manaakitanga, Kaitiakitanga and Te Reo Māori. The group supports practitioners and their organisations to empower whānau, hapū and iwi by providing development opportunities, indigenous and multicultural partnerships, and championing best practice around services, cultural responsiveness and accountability within the profession. This group has recognised the growing relationship between the library adn information communications technology industries and has begun to adapt to the more tecnical aspects of the nature of librarianship by adding ICT to thier objectives. Key People Anahera Morehu Ani Pahuru-Huriwai Ann Reweti Ariana Tikao Bernard Makoare Carla Jeffrey Cellia Joe-Olsen Chris Szekely David Kukutai Jones Donald Gregory Eddie Neha Glenn Taitoko Haki Tahana Haki Tahana Haneta Pierce Hinureina Mangan  Jeanette Wikaira Manuhiri Huatahi Peter Hunter Raewynne Evans Spencer Lilley Te Okeroa (Jock) Walker Te Paea Paringatai The New Zealand Māori Internet Society – Te Whanau Ipurangi Name: The New Zealand Māori Internet Society Also Known As: NZMIS, Te Whanau Ipurangi Entity Type: Incorporated Society Affiliations: AMIO, New Zealand Maori Internet Soceity Industry Sector: Internet Web site: Date Established: 1997 Membership Model: Open to anyone. Contents Originally established to represent online Māori due to perceived discrimination at the time (see history below) NZMIS lobbied for the worlds first open Indigenous 2nd Level domain .maori.nz which is now a popular choice in domain names. At its peak, the membership was nearly 2000 members. The organisation was a lobby group lobbying InternetNZ, Domain Name Commissioner and government for representative changes. It also assumed the moderation role of the domain .iwi.nz when it faced the ultimatum of being removed from the DNS.   History Ross Himona was the founder of NZMIS and appointed Kaumatua of the Society and an honorary life time member in 2000. Below is an essay written by Ross Himona. In 1995 I first ventured into Cyberspace. That’s not long ago, but in Internet time it was quite early in the development of public access Internet in Aotearoa New Zealand. It was for instance well before the advent of Xtra and Clear and Ihug. At the time there were no New Zealand based Internet Service Providers with nationwide coverage, and I joined the US service, Compuserve, to be able to connect from the main centers in this country. The first thing I did was look for Māori on the Net, and for Māori content on the World Wide Web. There were very few Māori, and there were virtually no authentic Māori websites. What I did find in online forums, in newsgroups, and in websites, was that Pākehā were presuming to present a Māori perspective to the world on our behalf.   Quite perturbed, I decided to build my first website, which is still there, called “From Hawaiki to Hawaiki”. In this website I set out to present clearly and unmistakably a Māori view of Māori, and to seize the initiative back from those who were presuming to tell our stories. I also became quite aggressively involved in various online forums and newsgroups in order to make the point about Māori ownership of matters Māori. Not long after, Kamera Raharaha (Te Aupouri) from Auckland also published her first website called Māori Organisations of New Zealand. We sought each other out, and worked together to develop what we saw as an authentic Māori presence on the Internet. These two websites became the pioneer Māori sites on the Web, and became models for many Māori who have since ventured into cyberspace as e-publishers. We soon became aware that the Internet in Aotearoa New Zealand was controlled by a small group of Pākehā, mostly linked to the universities, Waikato and Victoria in particular. It was the universities that had brought the Internet to the country. We thought that Māori ought to stake a claim to the Internet in Aotearoa. We realised also the enormous potential of the medium for Māori to present our stories and our perspective to the world. From the moment we published our websites we were both inundated with visitors from all over the globe, wanting to know more about Māori and Māori culture. The medium is available to all, affordable, and is a global medium. In 1997 the Internet Society of New Zealand (ISOCNZ) asked for submissions on second-level domain names. The names available were <co.nz>, <org.nz>, <gen.nz>, <net.nz>, <ac.nz>, <school.nz>, <cri.nz>, <govt.nz>, <mil.nz>, and <iwi.nz>.   The <iwi.nz> domain name was only available to a very limited number of organisations, and only on application to a moderator. I thought at the time that Māori needed a generic domain name, and one that makes a bold statement about the place of the tangata whenua in the affairs of Aotearoa New Zealand. From our experience on the Web, Kamera and I knew that there was enormous interest in Māori, and in fact the Māori websites were the ones that made Aotearoa New Zealand unique in the world. Kamera and I were also acutely aware that Pākehā had pounced on some of our Māori domain names. <maori.co.nz> had been registered by a Pākehā in Southland before we could do it ourselves. Kamera managed to get <maori.org.nz>, and I registered <maori.net.nz> and <maori.gen.nz>. The USA domain names <maori.com> and <maori.net> had also been taken by non-Māori. They were registering them for commercial purposes without a thought for the rights of the tangata whenua to their own names. I was doing a technology contract at Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust at the time (in 1997) and applied to ISOCNZ for a new second-level domain <maori.nz>. The application was quite well supported given that it was submitted at very short notice. However, as this was a public process I then received what was my first avalanche of anti-Māori email. There were many more to come over the following years, for a variety of different online campaigns. I also received some very disparaging comments from a couple of members of ISOCNZ. In the event ISOCNZ decided against allowing any more second-level domain names. Kamera Raharaha and I then decided to form the Māori Internet Society with the long-term aim of wresting control of part of the Internet for Māori – Māori control of things Māori. We solicited membership and gained about ten members. However as we were both heavily involved in developing our own online presence on the Net, we did not actively promote the society at that time, but agreed that we would wait until more Māori became involved on the Internet. The Society needs active involvement by a core group of people who are prepared to become involved in the administration and the politics of Internet management in Aotearoa New Zealand. It also needs active support from a broad base of Māori internet users. I maintained a Māori Internet Society page in my website, and from time to time received a few requests for information. Early in 2000, after the interest seemed to increase somewhat, I decided to re-launch it via an egroups.com email list. There was immediate interest from a small group of Internet activists who thought that the Society should be incorporated, and who indicated that they were willing to play an active role. As Founder, I then appointed an interim executive to incorporate the Society and hold elections. The Chairman of that interim executive, Karaitiana Taiuru, has done an excellent job, and with his committee, is well on the way to converting our informal society into a vibrant and effective representative group for Māori on the Internet.   Key People Adrianne Paranihi Andrea Malcolm Bernadette Murray Colin Heke Erana Wineti Godfrey H. Pohatu Hauiti Hakopa Hone Phillips Ivor Jones Kamera Rahara Karaitiana Taiuru Kupe Waa Leon Symes Leona Karauria Michael Ross Paula Collins Pikiora Wylie Richard Orzecki Riki Robinson Ross Himona Tame Iti Te Rangikaiwhiria Kemara Teanau Tuiono Tiopira Hape Tony Murray Tumohe Clarke Vance Walker Torotoro Waea Partnership Name: Torotoro Waea Partnership Also Known As: Entity Type: Commercial Affiliations: Smartlinx3 Industry Sector: Telecommunications Date Established: 2004 Membership Model: Commercial Partnerships Contents Torotoro Waea is/was a Limited Partnership, 100% owned by Māori which was formed to better improve outcomes Maori communities through the provision of significantly improved telecommunications infrastructure. The commercial alliance that included 24 members, including various iwi, and industry partners made an unsuccessful bid for the government’s 700MHz spectrum. They were one of 3 shortlisted bidders. In their own words, their bid was as an expression of kaitiakitanga by the tangata whenua and that it is not about the revenues to be gained from the rural sector it is all about providing cost effective communication roadways into rural communities to provide the connectedness and opportunity for communities to improve education and health, create sustainable jobs, and stimulate innovation and economic development. As well as providing for the connectivity of rural schools, health providers and rural communities; up to 1000 marae are planned to be connected during this rollout. They also presented a submission on the Telecommunications (TSO, Broadband, and Other Matters) Amendment in 2011.   Key People Antony Royal Whatarangi Winiata Others. Refer to the Companies Office.   National Association of Māori Mathematicians Scientists and Technologists – NAMMSAT Name: National Association of Māori Mathematicians, Scientists And Technologists Also Known As: NAMMSAT Entity Type: Online Web site: http://www.nammsat.org.nz  Date Established: 1994 Date disestablished: 2009 Membership Model: Incorporated Society A collective group of Māori practitioners who supported the increased participation and achievement by Māori in the fields of mathematics, science, engineering and technology. NAMMSAT aimed to facilitate the participation and achievement of Māori in the educational and commercial sectors, and in Research, Science and Technology (RS&T).   Whakatauki The whakatauki “Mākoi Pounamu, Tini Putanga kē” was given to NAMMSAT in 1994 by Prof Wharehuia Milroy (Māori Studies, Waikato University) when it ran the first Science Camp. The whakatauki refers to the greenstone tip of a spear which is simple in shape and form, but takes time to fashion and is very precious. Although a seemingly simple object, from it comes many different outcomes. This refers to the scientific bodies of knowledge, the simplicity and complexity and the many outcomes that can be gained from this knowledge. Strategies: NAMMSAT used the following strategies to support its aims. To establish and maintain a database of members; To organise conferences for members as a forum for the discussion of current strategies and the development of further strategies; To promote the sciences in all areas of education and training; To promote the sciences in primary and secondary schools; To target Māori students in recruitment for tertiary study in the sciences; To provide links between industry and Māori students; To assess and develop support for Māori students in the sciences at tertiary level; To encourage the professional development of Māori teachers of science; To promote and provide support for Māori in applying for mathematics, science and technology scholarships, fellowships and contracts; To support, promote and facilitate resource development in the area of the sciences; To have a role in monitoring curriculum development; To promote and support the development of the Māori body of knowledge of the sciences; To develop and encourage the support of the science industry for Māori; To provide support for Māori currently working in the fields of science, mathematics and technology; To participate in research that is going to benefit Mäori in terms of achieving the main objective of the association; To publish a quarterly newsletter for members; To provide an avenue for the publication of members academic work; To develop and promote models to encourage parental support of students participating in the sciences; To expand into the international arena of education for indigenous peoples; To consult with iwi in an attempt to meet iwi needs in terms of the sciences; To develop and participate in liaison with similar bodies nationally and internationally. NAMMSAT achievements Three successful national conferences; – The first in Auckland in 1995; – The second in the Waikato in 1996; – Third conference in Palmerston North in 1997. National Networks – Through NAMMSAT’s conferences and working parties to bring together Mäori people from all walks of life and from a large range of RS&T fields. It has an established network of Mäori science practitioners and a national forum for all Mäori interested in both western science and mātauranga Māori; Publications; – Proceedings of Inaugural NAMMSAT conference in 1995; – Māori into Science, Maths, and Technology; Science Camps – NAMMSAT held for Form 2 Kura Kaupapa Māori Students (35) at Waikato University in 1994, and as a result of this success, the Ministry of Education funded a further 2 science camps in 1997; Leadership Courses – In 1997 NAMMSAT ran a “Leadership in the Sciences” Wānanga for senior Māori science students; Database – NAMMSAT has developed and maintains a national database of Māori involved in Maths, Science and Technology; International Connections – NAMMSAT has developed and is continuing to maintain strong links with overseas indigenous groups with a similar kaupapa. For example, AISES in the United States, the American Indian Science and Engineering Society; Curriculum Development – NAMMSAT members assisted in developing the ‘Hangarau (Technology) Curriculum’ in te reo Māori. Objectives: To organise and promote NAMMSAT as the premier national organisation representing the professional viewpoint of Mäori practitioners in RS&T. Develop and promote NAMMSAT as an organisation of educational excellence for Mäori in western science and mätauranga Mäori. Identify Mäori in RS&T and other kindred professional groups. Continue to develop strong relationships with iwi, hapü, and Mäori organisations Develop a database and a network that clearly defines a needs analysis Establish a policy production process within the NAMMSAT membership Organise membership to a proficient level for inclusion on various RS&T boards and committees.   Key People It is difficult to differentiate the backgrounds of the people involved as this group was the only multi discilinary ICT related Māori group. Bevan Tipene-Matua Charlotte Severne Garth Harmsworth Joana Johnston Joe Rickit John Kape Mark Laws Meto Leach Murray Parsons Pauline Waiti Rauru Kirikiri Te Herekiekie Herewini Te Rawhina McDowell Te Kahui Manu Hokai – Māori GIS Association Name: Te Kahui Manu Hokai Also Known As: Maori GIS Association, TKMH Entity Type: Non-profit organisation Industry Sector: GIS Web site: Date Established: 2009 Contents Te Kahui Manu Hokai is incorporated as a non-profit organisation comprised of Maori GIS practitioners and users based in Aotearoa. The inaugural meeting of the association was held at Wairoa Marae, Ngāti Kahu in Tauranga on 7 December 2010. The name of the organisation reflects how GIS can act as a bird that soars through the skies accumulating spatial references and knowledge. TKMH was been set up to promote the use of Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) and associated information technologies for the benefit and advancement of iwi Maori in Aotearoa. TKMH aims to provide a centralised role for the sharing of technical expertise, support and generally increasing awareness of Geo-spatial technologies and functions. The organisation also expects to advocate for and improve Maori participation in the Geospatial Industry at all levels. TKMH hopes to identify opportunities for whanau, hapu and iwi to gain experience or contracts with local and central government authorities or organisations, for the provision or development of activities or resources that are useful for our members.   Key People Bernadette Papa Dennis Peters Des Heke Des Kahotea Duane Wilkins Gina Mohi Huia Pacey Jon Procter Makere Rika-Heke Moka Apiti Rikihana Hancock Roland Pomana Takerei Norton Te Rangikauhoe Heke Tony Elson Waitangi Wood WAI 2224 Claimants Name: WAI 2224 Claimants Also Known As:  Entity Type: Collaborative group Affiliations: The 
New
 Zealand 
Maori 
Council, Nga
 Kaiwhakapumau I
 te 
Reo 
Inc, Graeme 
Everton 
for 
and 
on 
behalf 
of 
the 
Wai 
776
 (1999) 
claimants Industry Sector: Telecommunications Date Established: 2009 Contents A group involved that was in discussions with the Minister of Maori Affairs and ICT Minister after being disillusioned with Te Huarahi Tika Trust and Hautaki Trust who in the opinion of the group,  where too focused on ensuring 2degrees continues to grow while ignoring pan Maori interests. The Wai 2224 claimants sought a sizable portion of the 700MHz spectrum and an agreement with the Crown that would ensure a similar allocation every time spectrum rights become available. A copy of their submission To The Finance And Expenditure Select Committee here. Key People Graeme 
Everton Huirangi Waikerepuru Whatarangi Winiata WAI 776 Claimants Name: WAI 776 Claimants Entity Type: Collaborative Group Affiliations: Te Pūtahi Paoho, Hautaki Limited, Te Huarahi Tika Trust, WAI2224 claimant group, Ngā Kaiwhakapūmau i te Reo, The 
New
 Zealand 
Maori 
Council Industry Sector: Spectrum Date Established: 1999 Contents Early claims by the New Zealand Maori Council and Nga Kaiwhakapumau i Te Reo in 1990/91 had sought access to FM for Maori radio development before the Waitangi Tribunal. The Tribunal unanimously agreed in its Wai 150 report that, in relation to the auction of FM radio frequencies, iwi had a ‘prior interest’ in radio spectrum. In 1999 Rangiaho Everton took a claim to the Waitangi Tribunal on behalf of Māori arguing that the Crown did not have right to create property rights around spectrum and should not assume ownership. The Waitangi Tribunal agreed in a majority decision that Māori had fair and equitable access to the spectrum. This ‘prior interest’ was advanced again by Whatarangi Winiata, Graeme Everton, and the late Rangiaho Everton, when the Government continued with the sale of valuable spectrum later in the 1990s. One particular kind of spectrum was the cellphone fixed-point mobile band in the 2-gigahertz band (known by the modern acronym 3G (for 3rd generation)). Its sale led to a further claim by Rangiaho Everton, which succeeded at an interim, and later, a full Waitangi Tribunal hearing in 1999. The Crown noted these reports, but rejected the idea that Maori had an Article 2 interest in the radio spectrum. The Trust was born out of this Crown maneuver to outflank Tribunal recommendations in relation to its spectrum auctions. While rejecting the reports from the Waitangi Tribunal, the Crown unilaterally decided in 1999 to create: a reservation of a ‘joint development right’ over one quarter of the 3G spectrum for sale, whereby Maori would have to enter into a viable contract with a commercial partner for use of that spectrum; and a charitable trust, known as the Māori Spectrum Trust, to represent Maori interests and receive $5m by way of a grant from the Crown.   Reports: The Radio Spectrum Management and Development Interim Report, (Wellington: Legislation Direct, 1999), 18pp Wai 776 The Radio Spectrum Management and Development Report, (Wellington: Legislation Direct, 1999), 100pp Wai 776   Key People: Graeme Everton Rangiaho Everton Whatarangi Winiata